Science Learner's

  BRYOLOGY                              He is a Father of Indian Bryology. He identified new genera like   Atchinsoniella , Sauchia , Sewardiella and Stephansoniella . Pakistani botanist. Kashyap served as Professor of Botany at the University of Panjab, Lahore, from 1919. He was especially interested in hepatics and authored the series "Morphological and Biological Notes on New and Little Known West-Himalayan Liverworts" in the  New Phytologist  (1914-1915) and a two-part work on the liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Panjab Plain (1929-1932). He was also the author of the 1936  Lahore District Flora , which was revised and completed by his former assistant, Amar Chand Joshi. A great explorer and collector, Kashyap's specimens from the Himalayan region are particularly rich.                     Kashyap was the first secretary of the Indian Botanical Society, founded in 1920, and later its president. As well as his interest in liverworts, his work on the sexual g

WHAT IS CULTURE MEDIA...?          Any Microorganism that need to grown in  a place with all suitable nutrients and environment is known as culture. like that bacteria  need to grow with suitable Culture Media.     Bacteria have to be grown or cultured for them to be identified as only rarely can they be recognized by  morphology alone. The study of bacteria involves the study of bacteria population rather than of single bacterial cells. In humans and animals bodies as well in another natural sources bacteria occur as mixed population. By appropriate procedures they have to be separated or isolated on culture media and grown as pure cultures for study.         The original media used by Lousie Pasture were liquids such as urine or meat broth.  Liquid Media: Liquid media have many disadvantage bacteria growing in liquid media may not exhibit specific characteristics for their identification. it is also difficult to isolate different types of bacteria from mixed population using liquid m

                         Growth of bacteria  Bacteria are grown in 2 types  BATCH CULTURE AND CONTINUOUS CULTURE BATCH CULTURE :          This is the simplest type of culture in which microorganism grow in a vessel known as FERMENTED or BIOREACTOR, with limited amount of medium containing all the nutrients at optimum environment conditions. In both culture growth phases of microorganism passes through many stages. A microbe grows in the medium until the nutrients are exhausted or toxic metabolites secretes by it reach to inhibitory level. From the beginning of inoculation to the end, microbial culture passes through several stages. CONTINUOUS  CULTURE:          In a continuous culture the growth of the microorganism retards due to depletion of nutrients rather than by accumulation of toxic products. It is presented by addition of fresh medium to the ferments and removal of spent medium and microbial biomass from it as a result of which the experimental phase of culture is extended.

ELEPHANTS- DIFFERENCES The two Species of elephants- African and Asian -    AFRICA ELEPHANT: Elephants are the only members of the mammalian.  The bigger African elephant is the largest land animal. African elephants have rounded heads African elephants have larger ears.  A fully grown Male may be up to 13 feet tall and weigh as much as 7 tonnes.  AFRICAN ELEPHANT ASIAN ELEPHANT: Asian elephants have a twin-domed head. The Asian elephant has smaller round ears. A fully grown male Asian elephant maybe 11 feet tall and weigh 5.4 tonnes. The trunk of the nose and upper lip is the elephant's other most features.  ASIAN ELEPHANT